Database configuration — Nextcloud latest Administration Manual latest documentation

# Database configuration

Nextcloud requires a database in which administrative data is stored. The following databases are currently supported:

- MySQL / MariaDB

- PostgreSQL

- Oracle

The MySQL or MariaDB databases are the recommended database engines.

Tip

Not all versions of every supported database are recommended. Please review the Nextcloud System Requirements before settling on a particular version.

## Requirements

- Decide whether you wish to use MySQL / MariaDB, PostgreSQL, or Oracle as your database

- Pick a recommendeded version of your database by checking the Nextcloud System Requirements

- Install and set up the chosen database server software (and preferred version) before deploying Nextcloud Server

Note

The steps for configuring a third party database are beyond the scope of this document. Please refer to the documentation for your specific database choice for instructions.

### Database “READ COMMITTED” transaction isolation level

As discussed above Nextcloud is using the `TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED` transaction isolation level. Some database configurations are enforcing other transaction isolation levels. To avoid data loss under high load scenarios (e.g. by using the sync client with many clients/users and many parallel operations) you need to configure the transaction isolation level accordingly. Please refer to the MySQL manual for detailed information.

## Parameters

For setting up Nextcloud to use any database, use the instructions in Installation wizard. You should not have to edit the respective values in the `config/config.php`. However, in special cases (for example, if you want to connect your Nextcloud instance to a database created by a previous installation of Nextcloud), some modification might be required.

### Configuring a MySQL or MariaDB database

If you decide to use a MySQL or MariaDB database, ensure the following:

- The transaction isolation level is set to “READ-COMMITTED” in your MariaDB server configuration `/etc/mysql/my.cnf` to persist even after a restart of your database server.

  Verify the transaction_isolation and binlog_format:

    [mysqld]
    ...
    transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
    binlog_format = ROW
    ...

Your `/etc/mysql/my.cnf` could look like this:

    [server]
    skip_name_resolve = 1
    innodb_buffer_pool_size = 128M
    innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 1
    innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
    innodb_log_buffer_size = 32M
    innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
    query_cache_type = 1
    query_cache_limit = 2M
    query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
    query_cache_size = 64M
    tmp_table_size= 64M
    max_heap_table_size= 64M
    slow_query_log = 1
    slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/slow.log
    long_query_time = 1

    [client-server]
    !includedir /etc/mysql/conf.d/
    !includedir /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/

    [client]
    default-character-set = utf8mb4

    [mysqld]
    character_set_server = utf8mb4
    collation_server = utf8mb4_general_ci
    transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
    binlog_format = ROW
    innodb_large_prefix=on
    innodb_file_format=barracuda
    innodb_file_per_table=1

Please refer to the page in the MySQL manual.

- That you have installed and enabled the pdo_mysql extension in PHP

- That the mysql.default_socket points to the correct socket (if the database runs on the same server as Nextcloud).

Note

MariaDB is backwards compatible with MySQL. All instructions work for both. You will not need to replace mysql with anything.

The PHP configuration in `/etc/php7/conf.d/mysql.ini` could look like this:

    # configuration for PHP MySQL module
    extension=pdo_mysql.so

    [mysql]
    mysql.allow_local_infile=On
    mysql.allow_persistent=On
    mysql.cache_size=2000
    mysql.max_persistent=-1
    mysql.max_links=-1
    mysql.default_port=
    mysql.default_socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock  # Debian squeeze: /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
    mysql.default_host=
    mysql.default_user=
    mysql.default_password=
    mysql.connect_timeout=60
    mysql.trace_mode=Off

Now you need to create a database user and the database itself by using the MySQL command line interface. The database tables will be created by Nextcloud when you login for the first time.

To start the MySQL command line mode use:

    mysql -uroot -p

When using MariaDB use:

    mariadb -uroot -p

Then a mysql> or MariaDB [root]> prompt will appear. Now enter the following lines and confirm them with the enter key:

    CREATE USER 'username'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
    CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS nextcloud CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci;
    GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES on nextcloud.* to 'username'@'localhost';

You can quit the prompt by entering:

    quit;

A Nextcloud instance configured with MySQL would contain the hostname on which the database is running, a valid username and password to access it, and the name of the database. The `config/config.php` as created by the Installation wizard would therefore contain entries like this:

    <?php

      "dbtype"        => "mysql",
      "dbname"        => "nextcloud",
      "dbuser"        => "username",
      "dbpassword"    => "password",
      "dbhost"        => "localhost",
      "dbtableprefix" => "oc_",

In case of UTF8MB4 you will also find:

    "mysql.utf8mb4" => true,

### SSL for MySQL Database

Enabling SSL is only necessary if your database does not reside on the same server as your Nextcloud instance. If you do not connect over localhost and need to allow remote connections then you should enable SSL. This just covers the SSL database configuration on the Nextcloud server. First you need to configure your database server accordingly.

    'dbdriveroptions' => [
      \PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_KEY => '/../ssl-key.pem',
      \PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CERT => '/../ssl-cert.pem',
      \PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_CA => '/../ca-cert.pem',
      \PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_SSL_VERIFY_SERVER_CERT => true,
    ],

Adjust the paths to the pem files for your environment.

### PostgreSQL database

In order to run Nextcloud securely on PostgreSQL, it is assumed that only Nextcloud uses this database and thus only one user accesses the database. For further services and users, we recommend to create a separate database or PostgreSQL instance.

If you decide to use a PostgreSQL database make sure that you have installed and enabled the PostgreSQL extension in PHP. The PHP configuration in `/etc/php7/conf.d/pgsql.ini` could look like this:

    # configuration for PHP PostgreSQL module
    extension=pdo_pgsql.so
    extension=pgsql.so

    [PostgreSQL]
    pgsql.allow_persistent = On
    pgsql.auto_reset_persistent = Off
    pgsql.max_persistent = -1
    pgsql.max_links = -1
    pgsql.ignore_notice = 0
    pgsql.log_notice = 0

The default configuration for PostgreSQL (at least in Ubuntu 14.04) is to use the peer authentication method. Check `/etc/postgresql/9.3/main/pg_hba.conf` to find out which authentication method is used in your setup. To start the postgres command line mode use:

    sudo -u postgres psql -d template1

Then a template1=# prompt will appear. Now enter the following lines and confirm them with the enter key:

    CREATE USER username CREATEDB;
    CREATE DATABASE nextcloud OWNER username TEMPLATE template0 ENCODING 'UTF8';
    GRANT CREATE ON SCHEMA public TO username;

You can quit the prompt by entering:

    \q

A Nextcloud instance configured with PostgreSQL would contain the path to the socket on which the database is running as the hostname, the system username the PHP process is using, and an empty password to access it, and the name of the database. The `config/config.php` as created by the Installation wizard would therefore contain entries like this:

    <?php

      "dbtype"        => "pgsql",
      "dbname"        => "nextcloud",
      "dbuser"        => "username",
      "dbpassword"    => "",
      "dbhost"        => "/var/run/postgresql",
      "dbtableprefix" => "oc_",

Note

The host actually points to the socket that is used to connect to the database. Using localhost here will not work if postgreSQL is configured to use peer authentication. Also note that no password is specified, because this authentication method doesn’t use a password.

If you use another authentication method (not peer), you’ll need to use the following steps to get the database setup: Now you need to create a database user and the database itself by using the PostgreSQL command line interface. The database tables will be created by Nextcloud when you login for the first time.

To start the postgres command line mode use:

    psql -hlocalhost -Upostgres

Then a postgres=# prompt will appear. Now enter the following lines and confirm them with the enter key:

    CREATE USER username WITH PASSWORD 'password' CREATEDB;
    CREATE DATABASE nextcloud TEMPLATE template0 ENCODING 'UTF8';
    ALTER DATABASE nextcloud OWNER TO username;
    GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE nextcloud TO username;
    GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON SCHEMA public TO username;

You can quit the prompt by entering:

    \q

A Nextcloud instance configured with PostgreSQL would contain the hostname on which the database is running, a valid username and password to access it, and the name of the database. The `config/config.php` as created by the Installation wizard would therefore contain entries like this:

    <?php

      "dbtype"        => "pgsql",
      "dbname"        => "nextcloud",
      "dbuser"        => "username",
      "dbpassword"    => "password",
      "dbhost"        => "localhost",
      "dbtableprefix" => "oc_",

## Troubleshooting

### How to work around “general error: 2006 MySQL server has gone away”

The database request takes too long and therefore the MySQL server times out. It’s also possible that the server is dropping a packet that is too large. Please refer to the manual of your database for how to raise the configuration options `wait_timeout` and/or `max_allowed_packet`.

Some shared hosters are not allowing the access to these config options. For such systems Nextcloud is providing a `dbdriveroptions` configuration option within your `config/config.php` where you can pass such options to the database driver. Please refer to Configuration Parameters for an example.

### How can I find out if my MySQL/PostgreSQL server is reachable?

To check the server’s network availability, use the ping command on the server’s host name (db.server.com in this example):

    ping db.server.com

    PING db.server.com (ip-address) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from your-server.local.lan (192.168.1.10): icmp_req=1 ttl=64 time=3.64 ms
    64 bytes from your-server.local.lan (192.168.1.10): icmp_req=2 ttl=64 time=0.055 ms
    64 bytes from your-server.local.lan (192.168.1.10): icmp_req=3 ttl=64 time=0.062 ms

For a more detailed check whether the access to the database server software itself works correctly, see the next question.

### How can I find out if a created user can access a database?

The easiest way to test if a database is accessible is by starting the command line interface:

MySQL:

Assuming the database server is installed on the same system you’re running the command from, use:

    mysql -uUSERNAME -p

To access a MySQL installation on a different machine, add the -h option with the respective host name:

    mysql -uUSERNAME -p -h HOSTNAME

    mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "version";
    +---------------+--------+
    | Variable_name | Value  |
    +---------------+--------+
    | version       | 8.0.36 |
    +---------------+--------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    mysql> quit

PostgreSQL:

Assuming the database server is installed on the same system you’re running the command from, use:

    psql -Uusername -dnextcloud

To access a PostgreSQL installation on a different machine, add the -h option with the respective host name:

    psql -Uusername -dnextcloud -h HOSTNAME

    postgres=# SELECT version();
    PostgreSQL 16.2 on i686-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by GCC gcc (GCC) 4.1.3 20080704 (prerelease), 32-bit
    (1 row)
    postgres=# \q

### Useful SQL commands

Show Database Users:

    MySQL     : SELECT User,Host FROM mysql.user;
    PostgreSQL: SELECT * FROM pg_user;

Show available Databases:

    MySQL     : SHOW DATABASES;
    PostgreSQL: \l

Show Nextcloud Tables in Database:

    MySQL     : USE nextcloud; SHOW TABLES;
    PostgreSQL: \c nextcloud; \d

Quit Database:

    MySQL     : quit
    PostgreSQL: \q

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